Liposome Encapsulated Astaxanthin Altered Biochemical Profile In Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) Induced Hepato Carcinoma On Swiss Albino Mice

Cancer is a disease in which a group of abnormal cells grow uncontrollably by disregarding the normal rules of cell division. Across several cancers, Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most aggressive cancers in worldwide. It is held responsible for up to 1 million deaths globally per annum. HCC is an inflammation-related cancer, as a chronic inflammatory state is necessary for cancer appearance. In this study, the drug astaxanthin and encapsulated astaxanthin was tested against HCC. Mice were divided into 7 groups; Group I: control, Group II: DEN induced, Group III: DEN + 50 mg/kg astaxanthin, Group IV: DEN + 100 mg/kg astaxanthin, Group V: DEN + 50 mg/kg encapsulated astaxanthin, Group VI: DEN + 100 mg/kg encapsulated astaxanthin, Group VII: DEN + 10 mg/kg sorafenib. Regular diet was given. Body weight, Food intake, water intake was noted. Other biochemical parameters such as ALP, AST, Albumin, proteins and TNF-α was determined. Finally, the liver was removed from each mice of different group by sacrificing them and histopathology was done. In vivo evaluation in mice models showed significant antitumor activities by both encapsulated and non-encapsulated astaxanthin at 100 mg/kg as compared with the control, DEN induced group and positive drug sorafenib. This research suggested that encapsulated astaxanthin can also be used as chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

High Levels of Inflammatory Adipokines and C-reactive protein, and Minimal Changes in Immune Cells in Overweight and Obese Saudi Female University Students

Increased body weight affects the whole body including the immune response, and leads to a state of non-specificinflammation, which leads to increased incidence of inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to determine therelationship between adiposity and the hematological profile, and serum concentrations of glucose, C-reactive protein(CRP), some pro-inflammatory [leptin, resistin, interlukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)] and antiinflammatory (adiponectin) adipokines in 112 healthy Saudi female university students. Adiposity was determined using thebody mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist circumference (WC). The results showed that the mean totalwhite blood cell counts were significantly higher for the high risk WHR group, and the mean platelet and red blood cellcounts were higher for the obese/morbidly obese BMI group compared to the respective controls. The white blood cell typesand hemoglobin did not show any significant differences. Mean serum CRP, leptin, resistin, and IL-6 concentrations weresignificantly higher for the obese/morbidly obese BMI and high risk WC subjects compared to the healthy weight subjects.The only significant difference for the WHR groups was a significantly higher mean resistin level for the moderate riskgroup compared to the control. Mean glucose, TNF-α and adiponectin concentrations were not significantly different amongthe groups. Thus, it may be concluded that the immune system cells and the hematological profile in subjects with highadiposity were minimally affected compared to the healthy weight subjects. They also had higher platelet counts, and CRP,leptin, resistin, and IL-6 concentrations, which are inflammatory effectors/markers, thus confirming that obese subjects hadheightened inflammation and a higher risk for inflammatory diseases.

Acupuncture combined with granule for nerve-root type cervical spondylosis and its effects on IL-6、TNF-α、IL-1β and hemorheological indexes / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the clinical efficacy of acupuncture combined with granule for nerve-root type cervical spondylosis and its effects on serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and hemorheological indexes.@*METHODS@#A total of 114 patients with nerve-root type cervical spondylosis were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, 57 cases in each group. The patients in both groups were treated with traction. The patients in the control group were treated with oral administration of granule, 4 g each time, 3 times a day, while based on the treatment of control group, the patients in the observation group were treated with acupuncture at Dazhui (GV 14), Tianzhu (BL 10), Houxi (SI 3), cervical Jiaji (EX-B 2), Quchi (LI 11), Hegu (LI 4) and Waiguan (TE 5), once a day. Both groups were treated for 4 weeks. The simplified McGill pain questionnaire (MPQ), neck disability index (NDI), numbness score, levels of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β in serum and hemorheological indexes were observed before and after treatment, and the clinical efficacy was compared between the two groups.@*RESULTS@#The total effective rate was 91.2% (52/57) in the observation group, which was higher than 71.9% (41/57) in the control group (<0.05). Compared before treatment, the scores of MPQ, NDI and numbness in the two groups were reduced after treatment (<0.05). After treatment, the scores of MPQ, NDI and numbness in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (<0.05). After treatment, the serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β in the two groups were reduced (<0.05), and those in the observation group were lower than the control group (<0.05). After treatment, the plasma viscosity, fibrinogen, low shear rate of whole blood viscosity and high shear rate of whole blood viscosity in the two groups were lower than before treatment (<0.05), and those in the observation group were lower than the control group (<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Acupuncture combined with granule have significant clinical efficacy for nerve-root type cervical spondylosis, which could reduce the serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β and improve hemorheology.

Immunoglobulin-like transcript-4 (ILT4) expression in mononuclear cells on the prognosis of sepsis / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective To study the biological behaviors and effects of immunoglobulin-like transcript-4 (ILT4) expression in mononuclear cells on the prognosis of sepsis.Methods ILT4 +/+ (WT) and ILT4-knockout mice (ILT4-/-) male BALB/c mice were used for sepsis modeling using cecal ligation puncture (CLP).Flow cytometry was used to measure the levels of expression of ILT4 and major histocompatihility complex class Ⅱ molecules (MHC-Ⅱ) in mononuclear cells of peripheral blood 24 h after CLP.ELISA was used to measure the concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in different groups of mice at 0 h,6 h,12 h,and 24 h after CLP to monitor the survival and prognosis over the course of 168 h.Results ILT4 was highly expressed in mononuclear cells of the peripheral blood of septic mice 24 h after CLP in comparison with that before CLP (1292.00 ± 143.70) vs.(193.50 ± 52.54),P ＜ 0.05.MHC-Ⅱ expression in mononuclear cells of the peripheral blood in ILT4-/-mice was significantly higher than that in WT mice (49.38 ± 5.66)％ vs.(24.25 ± 6.76) ％,P ＜ 0.05).Serum IL-6 was significantly elevated 24 h after CLP compared with that before CLP (470.75 ± 88.03) vs.(54.25 ± 20.04),P ＜ 0.05.The serum IL-6 concentration was much lower in ILT4-/-mice thanthatin MT mice (241.25 ± 45.10)vs.(470.75 ± 88.03),P ＜ 0.05;whereas,there was no significant difference in TNF-α expression between two groups of mice (50.88 ± 6.38) vs.(53.13 ± 5.49),P ＞ 0.05.The survival rate of ILT4-/-mice was significantly higher after CLP compared with WT mice (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The high level of ILT4 expression in mononuclear cells were observed in peripheral blood during sepsis and it was found to be associated with high serum IL-6 levels and low MHC-Ⅱ expression in mononuclear cells,leading to increased mortality.

Research progress of TNF-α and its receptors in rheumatoid arthritis / 药学实践杂志

The TNF-α signaling pathway is a valuable target in the therapy of autoimmune diseases.TNF-α binds to two different receptors and exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic effects.The drugs of anti-TNF-α are widely used in rheumatoid arthritis, such as infliximab, adalimumab etc.These TNF blockers have become invaluable tools to reduce damages induced by inflammation and allow recovery of the affected tissues.Unfortunately, this therapy has some drawbacks, such as increasing the risk of infection, malignancy and the incidence rate of new auto-immune diseases.Some of these effects are caused by the unwanted abrogation of beneficial TNF signaling.Therefore, elective antagonism of TNFR is an important approach to alleviate the side effects of TNF-α antibody.The medications specifically targeting the TNFR might have better applicability and safety.In this article, research progresses of TNF-α and its receptors in the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis were reviewed.

A study of inhibitory effect of ulinastatin on hyper-permeability of endothelium induced by TNF-α / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective To investigate the influence of Ulinastatin (UTI) on the hyper-permeability of vascular endothelial cells induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α).Methods Inflammation model was induced by TNF-α in human umbilical vein endothelial cell line (EA.hy926).The experiment was designed into 4 groups:normal group,TNF-α group,UTI group and TNF-α with UTI (U + T) group.Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) method and epithelial voltameter (EVOM) method were used to measure cell viability [absorbance (A) value] and transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) of EA.hy926 cells respectively.The expression of VE-cadherin was measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunocytochemistry.Results Compared with normal group,the TER of EA.hy926 cells induced by TNF-α was significantly decreased (67.200 ± 8.937 vs.33.600 ± 8.771,P =0.010).The permeability in EA.hy926 cells increased obviously.The hyper-permeability of EA.hy926 cells induced by TNF-α could be alleviated by UTI at the concentrations of 1-100 U/mL in a dose-dependent manner (40.133 ±7.484 vs.33.600 ±8.771,P=0.382;49.232 ± 3.162 vs.33.600 ± 8.771,P =0.044;63.700 ± 8.515 vs.33.600 ± 8.771,P =0.013).The expression of VE-cadherin mRNA reduced significantly in the TNF-α group (1.089 ±0.018 vs.0.835±0.021,P =0.000) compared with normal group.This effect of TNF-α could be attenuated by UTI.When EA.hy926 cells exposed to UTI at 10 U/mL and 100 U/mL,a significant increase of the expression of VE-cadherin mRNA was observed (0.976 ±0.014 vs.0.835 ±0.021,P =0.001;1.115 ±0.015 vs.0.835 ± 0.021,P =0.000).And the inhibition of UTI manifested a dose-dependent manner (1-100 U/mL).The results of the immunocytochemistry showed that the expression of VE-cadherin in TNF-o group was decreased significantly (0.061 ± 0.013 vs.0.093 ± 0.014,P =0.049) compared with normal group.And the low-expression of VE-cadherin could be alleviated by UTI (0.032 ± 0.004 vs.0.061 ± 0.013,P =0.016).Conclusion The high permeability of EA.hy926 cells induced by TNF-α could be inhibited by UTI at the concentrations of 1-100 U/mL in a dose-dependent manner.

Effects of rhein lysinate on the expressions of TNF-α,IL-6 and NF-κB in the kidney tissue of SAMP 1 0 mice / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

Objective To investigate the effects of rhein lysinate (RHL)on the expressions of TNF-α,IL-6 and NF-κB in the kidney tissue of senescence accelerated mouse prone 10 (SAMP 10)mice.Methods We selected 1 8 male mice (SAMP 1 0 )aged 7 months for the study and randomly divided them into blank control group and groups of different concentrations of RHL;six senescence accelerated mouse resistance 1 (SAMR 1 )served as the young control group.After 6 weeks’ treatment,HE staining was used to detect the pathological changes of the kidney.The expressions of TNF-α,IL-6 and NF-κB at the protein level were detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting.Results RHL treatment did not affect the body weight of SAMP 10 mice (P>0.05 ). Compared with SAMR 1 mice, contracted and destroyed renal glomeruli and infiltration of mononuclear macrophages were observed in control SAMP10 mice.However,this pathological process was blocked by RHL (25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg ) treatments. In addition, the overexpressions of TNF-α, IL-6 and NF-κB and the phosphorylation of NF-κB in the kidney tissue of SAMP 10 mice could be inhibited by RHL treatments (P<0.05). Conclusion RHL inhibits the inflammatory reaction of the kidney tissue,which may be one of the mechanisms by which RHL exerts its kidney-protecting and anti-aging effects.

Evaluation of osteogenic activity of periosteal-derived cells treated with inflammatory cytokines

INTRODUCTION: Skeletal homeostasis is normally maintained by the stability between bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts. However, the correlation between the inflammatory reaction and osteoblastic differentiation of cultured osteoprogenitor cells has not been fully investigated. This study examined the effects of inflammatory cytokines on the osteoblastic differentiation of cultured human periosteal-derived cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Periosteal-derived cells were obtained from the mandibular periosteum and introduced into the cell culture. After passage 3, the periosteal-derived cells were further cultured in an osteogenic induction Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) medium containing dexamethasone, ascorbic acid, and beta-glycerophosphate. In this culture medium, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha with different concentrations (0.1, 1, and 10 ng/mL) or interleukin (IL)-1beta with different concentrations (0.01, 0.1, and 1 ng/mL) were added. RESULTS: Both TNF-alpha and IL-1beta stimulated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression in the periosteal-derived cells. TNF-alpha and IL-1beta increased the level of ALP expression in a dose-dependent manner. Both TNF-alpha and IL-1beta also increased the level of alizarin red S staining in a dose-dependent manner during osteoblastic differentiation of cultured human periosteal-derived cells. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1beta can stimulate the osteoblastic activity of cultured human periosteal-derived cells.

Relationship between peritoneal macrophages and inflammatory reaction in a rat model of severe acute pancreatitis / 药物分析学报

Objective To investigate the relationship between peritoneal macrophages (PMAs) and inflammatory reaction in a rat model of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Methods Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control group and SAP group. To induce SAP in rats, 40 g/L sodium taurocholate (0.1 mL/100 g) was injected into the pancreatic duct through retrograde exposure of pancreatic bile duct in hepatic porta. One-third of rats were sacrificed at 3, 6 or 12 h after modeling. PMAs were extracted, and incubated for 24 h in a humidified 5% carbon dioxide incubator. The expressions of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mRNA in PMAs were measured by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in culture medium and serum were evaluated.The histological changes of pancreas were examined. Rosults The expressions of TNF-α mRNA and IL-1β mRNA in PMAs were significantly higher in SAP group than in control group at each time point (P<0.01). The concentrations of TNF-α and IL-1β in culture medium and serum were significantly elevated in SAP group compared with control group (P<0.01). The histological analysis of pancreas indicated that the damage was more severe in SAP group than in cuntrol group (P<0.01). Conclusion PMAs secrete cytokines into pancreatitis-associated ascitic fluid, and this study demonstrates a correlation between SAP and the activation of PMAs.

Effects of Repeated Dosing of 6% Hydroxyethyl Starch or 7.5% Sodium Chloride on Inflammatory Response and Oxidative Damage in Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage Rats / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective To observe the effects of repeated dosing of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) or 7.5% sodium chloride on brain edema after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in rats. Methods 167 male SD rats were divided into four groups randomly: Sham operation group (S, n=20), ICH control group (M, n=38), 7.5% sodium chloride group (N, n=55) and 6% hydroxyethyl starch group (H, n=54). The model of the ICH was established with stereotactically infusing 50 μl of the autologous femoral artery blood into the right caudate nucleus. group N and group H received 7.5% sodium chloride 5 ml/kg and 6% hydroxyethyl starch 30 ml/kg at 2 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h after operation respectively. The tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the tissue around the hemorrhage were measured at different time point. Results The IL-6 in group N was significantly more than that in group M at 24 h and 72 h after infusion (P<0.05), and the TNF-α in group H was less than that in group M at 24 h and 48 h after infusion (P<0.05). The SOD in group M decreased to the bottom at 48 h and 72h after ICH. SOD in group N and group H at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h after infusion was both significant more than that in group M (P<0.05). MDA in group H at 72 h after infusion was less than that in group M (P<0.05). Conclusion Repeated infusion of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) or 7.5% sodium chloride can decrease inflammatory response of brain tissue after ICH, which may protect brain from oxidative damage.

Relationship between peritoneal macrophages and inflammatory reaction in a rat model of severe acute pancreatitis / 西安交通大学学报·英文版

Objective: To investigate the relationship between peritoneal macrophages (PMAs) and inflammatory reaction in a rat model of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control group and SAP group. To induce SAP in rats, 40 g/L sodium taurocholate (0.1 mL/100 g) was injected into the pancreatic duct through retrograde exposure of pancreatic bile duct in hepatic porta. One-third of rats were sacrificed at 3, 6 or 12 h after modeling. PMAs were extracted, and incubated for 24 h in a humidified 5% carbon dioxide incubator. The expressions of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mRNA in PMAs were measured by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in culture medium and serum were evaluated. The histological changes of pancreas were examined. Results: The expressions of TNF-α mRNA and IL-1β mRNA in PMAs were significantly higher in SAP group than in control group at each time point (P<0.01). The concentrations of TNF-α and IL-1β in culture medium and serum were significantly elevated in SAP group compared with control group (P<0.01). The histological analysis of pancreas indicated that the damage was more severe in SAP group than in control group (P<0.01). Conclusion: PMAs secrete cytokines into pancreatitis-associated ascitic fluid, and this study demonstrates a correlation between SAP and the activation of PMAs.

Relationship between Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha and Smoking-related Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective To investigate the relationship between tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Methods COPD patients and controls were divided into three groups: COPD group (n=66), smoker control group (n=42) and health control group (n=23). COPD group was further divided into the serious group (n=23) and non-serious group (n=43). The concentration of TNF-α of all cases was detected by human Th1/Th2 cytokine kit.Results The concentration of TNF-α in the COPD group was significantly higher than that of the smoker and healthy groups ( P<0.01). Furthermore, compared to non-serious COPD group, the concentration of TNF-α was higher in the serious COPD group ( P<0.05).Conclusion The concentration of TNF-α might be related with the pathogenesis and development of COPD.

Fas-FasL and TNF-? Mediated Apoptosis and IL-8 Associated with Pathogenesis of Aged Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To investigate the significance of the Fas and TNF-? receptor mediated apoptosis and IL-8 associated with the pathogenesis of aged COPD.METHODS We measured the circulating soluble Fas,tumor(necrosis) factor alpha(TNF-?) and interleukin-8 level in peripheral blood of 40 patients with aged chronic(obstructive) pulmonary disease (COPD).In contrast with the aged COPD group,30 healthy old people were(observed) as a control.RESULTS The level of soluble Fas,TNF-? and IL-8 in peripheral blood of these patients was higher than control((P

TNF-alpha and IL-12 Secretion in Macrophages in Response to Spores of Bacillus anthracis Sterne

Baerobic, spore forming, and rod-shaped bacterium. Anthrax spores are introduced into macrophage by phagocytosis and multiply after germination. The anthrax spores infected in macrophage produce lethal toxin eventually caused cell death. In this study, we analyzed apoptosis and cytokine TNF-alpha and IL-12 secretion after the infection of spores of B. anthracis Sterne in the murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells and in the primary human macrophages. In murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells infected by spore of B. anthracis Sterne, the cells were markedly changed in secretion of TNF-alpha (482~6,213 pg/ml) by lethal toxin, and induced apoptosis. In case of RAW264.7 cells infected by formalin-inactivated spores of B. anthracis, the cells were not able to produce lethal toxin, which released lower level concentration of TNF-alpha (7.7~97.2 pg/ml), and rarely induced apoptosis. When primary human macrophage cells infected with spores of B. anthracis Sterne, they secreted TNF-alpha (5~16 pg/ml), and induced apoptosis about 1% of total cells. We presented that inducing apoptosis by spores of B. anthracis Sterne capable of expressing lethal toxin is related with the secretion of TNF-alpha in murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells. These studies revealed that human and murine macrophages has affected differently by anthrax lethal toxin produced by spores of B. anthracis Sterne.

The effect of neuropeptides on secretion of Interleukin-8 (IL-8) / 대한치과보존학회지

We investigated the secretion of Interleukin-8 (IL-8) from ginviva and periodontal ligament stimulated with Substance P (SP) and Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide (CGRP). Gingiva (GF), periodontal ligament (PDLF) and pulp (PF) tissues were collected from extracted intact 3rd molars. Cultured cells were stimulated with different concentrations of SP for 4 hrs, and stimulated with SP, CGRP and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) for 8 hrs. Then RNase Protection Assay was carried out. ELISA was performed using supernatants of stimulated cells for quantitative analysis of IL-8. Results were assessed using student t-test with significance of P < 0.05. According to this study, the results were as follows: 1. IL-8 mRNA was detected in all type of cells studied (PF, GF and PDLF). 2. IL-8 mRNA expression was not increased after stimulating 4 hrs with SP (10(-5)M) and SP (10(-8)M) compared with Mock stimulation in all type of cells studied. 3. IL-8 mRNA expression was not increased after stimulating 8 hrs with SP (10(-4)M) and CGRP (10(-6)M) compared with Mock stimulation in all type of cells studied. 4. TNF-alpha(2 ng/ml) increased the expression of IL-8 mRNA in all kind of cells studied. 5. The secretion of IL-8 from GF was increased 8 hrs after the stimulation with CGRP (10(-6)M) (p < 0.05). 6. The secretion of IL-8 from PDLF was increased 8 hrs after the stimulation with SP (10(-4)M) (p < 0.05). Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide (CGRP) increased Interleukin-8 (IL-8) which plays an important role in chemotaxis of neutrophil in Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide (CGRP) gingival tissue, whereas Substance P increased the secretion of IL-8 from periodontal ligament.

Expression of angiogenin, TGF-beta, VEGF, APEX and TNF-alpha in oral squamous cell carcinoma

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to verify that the expressions of angiogenin, transforming growth factor-beta(TGF-beta), vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF), human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease(APEX) and tumor necrosis factoralpha(TNF-alpha) were associated with the tumorigenesis of the oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-one samples of OSCC and fifteen normal oral mucosae were obtained to analyze the expression levels of above five factors. mRNA expressions were quantified by the quantitative competitive PCR(QC-PCR) method. After 2% agarose gel electrophoresis stained with ethidium bromide, the concentration of mRNA was calculated by a digital image analysis system. The expression levels of angiogenin, TGF-beta, VEGF, APEX and TNF-alpha were compared by unpaired Student's ttests between cancer and normal tissues. We analyzed statistically to find the cut-off values that would be useful as diagnostic markers, and the linear regression analysis between every two factors of these five factors by SAS system. RESULTS: All of these five factors (angiogenin: P<0.0037, TGF-beta: P<0.0001, VEGF: P<0.0102, APEX: P<0.0023, TNF-alpha: P<0.0074) were significantly correlated with OSCC. In the analysis to find the cut-off values for the diagnosis, we could not find any value that had a reasonable sensitivity and specificity. In the linear regression analysis, there were correlations between angiogenin and TNF-alpha, TGF-beta and VEGF, TGF-beta and APEX, TGF-beta and TNF-alpha, VEGF and APEX, VEGF and TNF-alpha, APEX and TNF-alpha. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that not only angiogenin, TGF-beta, VEGF, APEX and TNF-alpha are significantly associated with the tumorigenesis, but also the close relationship between these factors might enhance the tumorigenesis of OSCC. We can not find clinical availability for diagnosis.

The Effects of Air-borne Particulate Matters on the Alveolar Macrophages for the TNF-alpha and IL-1beta Secretion / 결핵및호흡기질환

BACKGROUND: PM is known to induce various pulmonary diseases, including asthma, cancer, fibrosis and chronic bronchitis. Despite the epidemiological evidence the pathogenesis of PM-related pulmonary diseases is unclear. METHODS: This study examined the effects of PM exposure on the secretion of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in the cultured alveolar macrophages. The cultured primary alveolar macrophages were treated with the medium, PM (5~20 microgram/cm2), LPS (5ng/ml), and PM with LPS for 24h and 48h respectively. ELISA was used to assay the secreted TNF-alpha and IL-beta in the culture medium. Western blotting was used to identify and determine the level of proteins isolated from the culture cells. The cells cultured in the Lab-Tek(R) chamber slides were stained with immunocytochemical stains. RESULTS: PM induced TNF-alpha and IL-1beta secretion in the culturing alveolar macrophages, collected from the SPF and inflammatory rats. However, the effects were only dose-dependent in the inflammatory macrophages. When the cells were co-treated with PM and LPS, there was a significant synergistic effect compared with the LPS in the both cell types. CONCLUSION: PM might be play an important role in the induction and/or potentiation of various lung diseases by oversecretion of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta.

Association between chronic hepatitis B virus infection and tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene promoter polymorphisms / 대한내과학회지

BACKGROUND: The reasons for the viral persistence and disease progression of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are unknown, but are probably related to host immune factors. Cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) play significant roles in inflammatory and immune defense. This study was undertaken to investigate the association between HBV infection and polymorphisms of TNF-alpha gene promoter polymorphism. METHODS: We studied 412 Korean patients with chronic HBV infection (72 inactive carriers, 261 chronic hepatitis, 79 liver cirrhosis) and 204 healthy individuals who recovered from HBV infection. We assessed two biallelic polymorphisms in TNF-alpha gene promoter (at position -308, -238) by single base primer extension assay (SNP ITTM). RESULTS: Genotype frequencies of TNF-alpha gene promoter at position -308 and -238 were not different between the clearance and the persistence group in univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis after adjusting age and sex, TNF 308 G/G genotype was associated with HBV persistence (ORs;1.71, p=0.039). Moreover, concerning the haplotype analysis, -308G/ -238G homozygotes showed much higher correlation with HBV persistence (ORs;1.88, p=0.005). Genotype distributions of both gene promoters in inactive carriers were similar to those in patients with chronic progressive liver disease (chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis). CONCLUSION: The carriers of -308 G/G genotype and -308G / -238G haplotype homozygotes in the TNF-alpha promoter region have higher risk of persistent HBV infection.

The Effect of Glutathione On Experimental Rat With Fatty liver And Its Possible Molecular Mechanism / 重庆医科大学学报

Objective: To investigate the role of uncoupling protein -2 in development of nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases ( NAFLD) ,and explore the effect of glutathione ( GSH) on NAFLD. Methods: 32 SD rats were randomly divided into basic diet - treated group ( B group) ,model group( M group) , Pathology group( P group) and GSH treated group( G group). The following parameters were determined by biochemical analysis; superoxide dismutase( SOD) , glutathione(GSH) , malondialdehyde (MDA). Liver histopathologic e-valuation was performed by hematoxylin - eosin staining. Serum tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF?) level was done by enzyme -linked immunoadsordent assay ( ELISA). Ucp2 and TNFaproteins expression in hepatocytes was examined by immunohistochemistry, and UCP2mRNA expression by semi - quantitative reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction( RT - PCR). Results: ( 1 ) compared with B group, no evident increase in liver MDA,SOD and GSH of M group rats as well as serum TNF?level were observed. Neither marked change in number of hepatocytes with TNF?positive was shown by immunohistochemistry staining, but an increase in UCP2 mRNA and UCP2 protein expression was seen in M group rats. (2) Compared with M group, a significant increase in serum TNF? and MDA levels was found in P group .while a significant decrease in liver homogenate SOD and GSH was observed . An apparent increase in number of hepatocytes with TNF?and UCP2 positive was shown by immunohistochemistry staining, as well as UCP2mRNA level by RT-PCR. (3) Compared with P group, a significant decrease in serum MDA and a significant increase in liver homogenate SOD, GSH levels was found in G group. A little lower level of UCP2 expression was shown in G group than in P group. Conclusion; High level of serum and tissue TNFaand UCP2 over - expression are concomitant with an extreme decrease even depletion in the liver ATP in NAFLED model rats, that cause oxidative stress and lipid super - oxidation in liver, and induce or exacerbate fatty liver disease progression to steatohepatitis even fibrosis. Glutathione seems to be effective to some extent for NAFLD by protection of liver function through replenishment of exogenous antioxidants.

Tumor Necrosis Factor- and Resorption of Calcium Sulfate Used as a Bone Graft Substitute in Spinal Fusion in Rabbits / 대한정형외과학회잡지

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha on calcium sulfate, as a bone graft substitute, in terms of achieving inter-transverse fusion in experimental rabbits. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty adult New Zealand white rabbits were used in our study. 0.4 mg of calcium sulfate was mixed with 0.4 mg of autogenous iliac bone and grafted on the left intertransverse space of L4-5 or L5-6, and then 0.8 mg of autogenous iliac bone was grafted on the right side at the same level. Thus, the experimental rabbits served as their own control. At postoperative 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks, plain roentgenography was performed to evaluate the bony union. At 16 weeks, all rabbits were sacrificed and histologic evidences of the bony union observed by H and E and trichrome staining. Computed tomography was also used to evaluate the union state. An immuno-histochemical study for TNF-alpha was to investigate the union. RESULTS: Bone graft, mixed with calcium sulfate was resorbed completely radiologically and histologically in 20 rabbits (100%). In contrast, a graft using autogenous cancellous bone showed complete bony union in 15 of 20 rabbits (75%). By immuno-histochemical staining, TNF-alpha was detected at the calcium sulfate mixed autogenous bone graft site. CONCLUSION: Union was not showed at the bone graft site, mixed with calcium sulfate. Therefore, TNF-alpha plays an important role causing subsequent calcium resorption.